Don't worry, I hate myself for that title too, but I had to.
- Napoleon I vs. Napoleon III
- Industrial Revolution in between these two rulers made a difference in the presence of the urban workers, divisions within the Third Estate, and the manners in which each man ruled
- Napoleon III used the growing economy from the Industrial Revolution to expand his power
- wasn’t conservative enough for the conservatives or liberal enough for the liberals
- fell apart because of external forces that were beyond his control
- Italy had not been united prior to 1850
- different forms of government/leadership in each area after 1815
- regarded as a “geographical expression”
- 3 basic approaches to the unification of Italy
- Giuseppe Mazzini – radical, idealistic, centralized democratic republic
- based on universal suffrage and the will of the people (like the failed Chartist movement and French utopian socialists)
- seemed too radical to the Italian middle classes
- voice without an audience
- Vincenzo Gioberti – called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope
- the papacy opposed national unification, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty
- people looked toward the autocratic kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont for leadership
- Sardinia’s monarch, Victor Emmanuel, retained the liberal constitution, which provided for a fair degree of civil liberties and real parliamentary government
- to the Italian middle classes, Sardinia appeared to be a liberal progressive state ideally suited to achieve the goal of national unification
 |
| when Italians realized they might finally be able to unify |
- Cavour was the dominant figure in the Sardinian government (1850-1861)
- came from a noble family but still embraced the economic doctrines and business activities associated with the middle class
- his national goals were limited and realistic
- sought unity only for the states of northern and perhaps central Italy in an expanded kingdom of Sardinia
- worked to consolidate Sardinia as a liberal constitutional state capable of leading northern Italy
- introduced a program of highways and railroads, of civil liberties and opposition to clerical privilege --> increasing support for Sardinia throughout northern Italy
- Sardinia couldn’t drive Austria out of Lombardy and Venetia and unify northern Italy under Victor Emmanuel without the help of an ally --> Cavour worked for a secret diplomatic alliance with Napoleon III --> succeeded and provoked Austria into attacking Sardinia
- Napoleon III came to Sardinia’s defense --> after the victory of the combined Franco-Sardinian forces, Napoleon III did a complete turn around and abandoned Cavour
- decided it was not in his interest to have too strong a state on his southern border and was criticized by French Catholics for supporting the pope’s enemy
 |
| boundaries? yeah those were a problem when Italy was trying to unite |
- Cavour’s plans were salvaged by popular revolts and Italian nationalism
- middle-class nationalist leaders in central Italy called for fusion with Sardinia --> other Great Powers opposed this but the nationalists held firm --> Cavour returned to power when the people of central Italy voted to join Sardinia
- for patriots such as Garibaldi, the job of unification was only half done
- Garibaldi personified the romantic, revolutionary nationalism and republicanism of Mazzini
- Cavour secretly supported Garibaldi’s bold plan to “liberate” the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (to use him and to get rid of him)
- in May 1860, Garibaldi’s band of thousand “Red Shirts” outwitted the royal army of Austria, but when they prepared to attack Rome, Cavour sent Sardinian forces to intercept Garibaldi and occupy most of the Papal States
- Cavour realized that an attack on Rome would bring about war with France and he feared Garibaldi’s radicalism --> organized a plebiscite in the conquered territories --> Garibaldi did not oppose Cavour and the people of the south voted to join Sardinia
- Cavour used Garibaldi to get more support from different places
- when Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel rode through Naples, they sealed the union of the north and south, of the monarch and the nation-state
- Cavour had succeeded in turning popular nationalism in a conservative direction
- parliamentary monarchy under Victor Emmanuel with the liberal Sardinian constitution of 1848
- neither radical nor democratic
- despite political unity, only a small minority of males could vote
- propertied classes and common people were divided
- progressive, industrial north vs. agrarian south
- unifications of Italy and Germany were considered "revolutions from above"
- according to the dictionary, a revolution from above refers to major political and social changes imposed by an elite on the population it dominates
 |
| yayayay finally united |
and in case you're having a rough night, enjoy this -
No comments:
Post a Comment