9/27 class

Today we talked about Witch Trials and reviewed for the test

• Scholasticism
• St Thomas Aquinas is responsible for trying to take on this problem 
• he tried to rectify faith and reason
• The Witches
• there was a fear of women getting too much power and the men had to reassure their power
• some people believe that the witch hunts were not only about religion, but they were misogynistic

1555- Peace of Augsburg

principality follows the Prince 

if the leader is a certain religion, then everyone under his rule should be that religion

Catholic Reformation vs Counter Reformation

• Catholic Reformation: looking inward and fixing Catholicism
• Council of Trent - trying to fix some of the issues that started the Reformation in the first place
1. Fixed marriages 
2. Encouraged public preaching to educate Catholics
3. Encouraged education for preachers and all Catholics
4. Wanted to reconcile with the Protestants
• Religious orders were reformed - increased moral and intellectual education for clergymen 
• Ursuline Order of Nuns - focused on educating women 
• Some radical members of these orders became part of the counter reformation

• Counter Reformation: looking outward and stopping Protestantism 
• Jesuits - Radical Counter reformationists who waged a religious war against Protestants 
• Society of Jesus 

• Went around to several countries and tried to convert people 
• Usually got kicked out because they wanted the people of that country to follow the 
• Pope, not the Monarchy
• France
• Monarchy was week 
• Divided because of religion
• This allowed nobility to use Calvinism as a "cloak of independence" --- they didn't have to answer to the crown or the Pope. 
• Caused war between the Catholic loyalists and the Calvinist nobility
• Weakened the Monarchy further
• Huguenots: French Protestants 
• Fought with Catholics a lot
• Calvinist teaching called out Catholic beliefs about sacred images
• Made Catholics really angry -- this type of preaching led to St. Bart's Massacre
• St Bart's Massacre
• Happened at a wedding in Paris (Marriage of a Protestant and Catholic Royalty) 
• Huguenot wedding guests were killed and other Protestants were killed by Catholic mobs
• Led to civil war that destroyed many parts of Spain
• Ended with Politiques: people who wanted to strengthen the Monarchy
• Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism 
• Issued Edict of Nantes: Let people worship in 150 towns 

• Netherlands 
• Fighting between the Catholics and the Protestants 
• Led by Charles V
• He grew up in the Netherlands and was able to keep Protestants away 
• When his son Philip II took over Protestant Ideas spread 
• Mostly Calvinist
• Civil war started
• North became independent and Protestant: Union of Utrecht
• South stayed Catholic 

9/22/17

• Whys didn't the Habsburg family like Luther?
• make them lose money- no taxing, no more buying indulgences
• Charles V was old school- wanted the continent to be all united under a christian empire, ruled by him ofc 

• Which religions(out of Anabaptists, Anglicans, Calvin's, Lutherans, Catholics) go together like PEAS AND CARROTS ?
• Anglican and Christian 
• basically the same minus the Pope 

• The religious changes in England was more political than religious 
• because the reason why Henry V broke away because he wanted a divorce

• What did creating the Church of England do for Henry V?
• he now has control over both the country and church- doesn't have to deal with the Pope challenging his authority 
• isn't even very religious, just wanted power 

• What's up with the Calvin guy that Meg hates?
• predestination- God already decided who is going to heaven and hell
• so most people who follow Calvinism are people who think they are elect- because no point in following this religion if you're not 
• were pretty strict- exiled anyone who didn't follow what they wanted

• Reformation of Eastern Europe 
• no Germany yet
• Germans like Lutheranism- a lot of princes saw Lutheranism as a way to avoid the control of the Pope and Henry V
• Jan Hus- heretic who tried to change the Catholic Church, was killed
• Hussites- followers of Jan 

hi !

Class 9/21

Not a lot happened today because we had pictures but we still talked about Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation a little.

Lutheranism vs. Catholicism

• Lutherans were closer to God (they didn't have saints and stuff between them and God)
• Lutheran = Catholicism 1.0 
• Fundamentally similar, but Luther tried to return the church to what it was like before it became corrupt and too extra for him



(Basically all you need to know about the Protestant Reformation

• Faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone was his mantra 
• Luther also hated the idea of a church hierarchy, because he believed that everyone was equal in the eyes of God 

Three Main Catalysts for the Protestant Reformation 

(conveniently also the chorus to this song)

1. Papal Bulls (no Hannah not Papa Bowls) - when the Pope decrees anything that is sinful (obviously Luther didn't like this because he didn't like the Pope)
2. Indulgences - people could buy their way out of Purgatory faster, which Martin didn't like because there are no indulgences in the Bible and the Catholics were corrupt
3. Transubstantiation - literally everyone but Catholics (and Hannah) (I think -- I don't fully understand religion) believes that the wine isn't really Jesus' blood and the bread isn't really his body except the Catholics and the Catholics didn't like Martin challenging their beliefs again

Why was Luther so popular with the political class? Why was he popular with the peasants? Was he popular for the same reasons?

• People liked the idea of not tithing/paying taxes to the church. They also did not enjoy buying indulgences
• People with money liked Martin because he could save them some money by not being corrupt
• Peasants like Luther but he didn't like them 

• They revolted after being inspired by his ideas about freedom, thinking he would support them in their quest for freedom
• They believed that the outward body & the soul should be free
• Luther believed that people should only be free from an omnipotent church, not from secular powers like lords and the government and such






• Both groups liked Lutheranism because it promised them better lives, even if those promises came from misinterpreted words. The wealthier people wanted to protect their money, so they liked Luther's stance on indulgences and tithes. Peasants, who had very little to their names, liked the idea of freedom. To both groups, Lutheranism was a way to protect what they had and live more fulfilling lives. 

class 9/19

we spoke about 3 countries during the renaissance. (1) Spain (2) France (3) England

1. SPAIN

• used to be muslim
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella "reconquer" Spain and make it Christian
• they are not very tolerant of other religions
• the Jews were not liked :( 
• The Spanish Inquisition- tested whether people who said they converted actually did, and weren't lying 
• the Spanish previous to the reconquering had the most education because they had a connection to the Islamic world at its peak (Eastern Europe wasn't there yet)
• a strong monarchy

QUESTION

- Is there a way to say the inquisition and Martin Luther's reformation came from the same origin?

• Not exactly BUT- both had a belief in "the right way of doing something"
• Luther did not like the way the church was being run
• he would have preferred the catholic church cured the issues that he thought were there
• 
• they both think there is one correct way to worship

2. FRANCE

• the standing army was always ready- before this the soldiers that fought were the knights, but these men were always ready to fight and they were payed with tax money
• THE SPIDER KING
• he improved the army and used it to control nobles and militias and to curb urban independence 
• in France at this time, the government is centered around the king (a strong monarchy)

3. ENGLAND

• 1215- Magna Carta was signed and eventually became parliament 
• the parliament balances the power of the king
• it is the early checks and balances for the power of the king
• the parliament is a representative of the wealthiest and strongest people in England
• a strong government is forming in England while a strong monarchy is forming in France

One thing that connects England and Spain

• the court of Star Chamber
• this is related to the inquisition but it is more politically based
• it used terrifying methods: people weren't allowed to see evidence against them, no juries, and torture could be used for confessions

Religion during the Renaissance

9/18/17

So people were really getting upset about the Pope and religious practices during the Renaissance...

• The pope had a bad rep for many reasons 
• Babylonian Captivity
• Great Schism 
• Some fight with the German Emperor Frederick II 
• He spent a ton of money on arts and not the poor 
• He focused more on wealth and power for nobility than God 
• People started getting salty at the Church and wanted to change it (known as anticlericalism) 
• Most changes didn't go through and people got more mad 
• People were thinking more and word could travel faster thanks to the Gutenberg press so when new ideas formed they became more widespread
• This led to the Reformation 

• Martin Luther

• Super religious friar
• Was mad about people selling indulgences in order to get out of purgatory faster 
• He had a lot (95) problems with these indulgences and he wrote about them 
• He especially didn't like the pope 

• Word spread thanks to Gutenberg and people learned about Luther's works  
• Church got mad but Luther didn't care and kept doing what he was doing 
• People that liked what he was saying became Lutherans 
• Given the name protestant because PROTESTant (they protested the church) 

• Martin Luther's On Christian Liberty 

• talks about how faith alone is enough for salvation
• People are both free and a servant to all others
• Soul is free 
• Body is servant 
• Although Protestantism attracted many people, some still found problems
• New groups branched off of this group 
• Lutherans are considered the people who follow Martin Luther's teachings 
• Calvinists 
• Anabaptist
• Anglicans
• The formation of these new religions show how much change and reform the Church was under during this time 
• People were looking for solutions catered to their personal view 
• Individual > group 
• Ex) Calvin was personally upset about the indulgences and decided to do something about this. In earlier times (without the printing press and modern thought) he would have been deemed a heretic and killed. 

9/15/17

Please keep in mind that I have been forced to be the first blogger when reading this...

So basically...

•  there were 6 important people we talked about today(in no particular order):
• 1. Gutenberg was uber important- printing press allowed for mass printing 
• 2. Martin Luther also important
• if his ideas weren't spread as a result of the printing press, he prob would have been seen as a heretic and killed
• heretics- what people who criticized the church were called 
• 3. Erasmus- the father of Christian humanism 
• 4. Petrarch- the father of "regular" humanism 
• 5. Moore- created the "perfect" society called Utopia 
• 6. Machiavelli- applied humanism to politics
• have to be a fox(cunning and sneaky) and a lion(strong and firm)
• better to be feared than loved 
• easier to maintain power through the usage of fear 
• weakness leads to disorder 
• what ties these people together?
• revolution of thought
• all people who took the worldview of the Renaissance to certain areas/things 
• world view=humanism 

Also stuff I thought was important...

• what is humanism?
• basically about doing something important with your life 

• Erasmus "Praise of Folly"
• very critical of all:
• merchants, monks, theologians, monks 

• Italian Renaissance was more secular(not religious) 

• Praise of filly- a satire that poked fun at religious institutions