Tuesday, March 15, 2016

March 14, 2016: Communist Manifesto Class Notes

What was Marx saying, was the condition any worse now?
In feudal society, there were many different class ranks and in a way this was better (and worse- different) as the class struggle was not as emphasized with the distributed frustration.
Does it go too far to say that he likes “different”? Was it better or more complicated?
The bourgeoisie simplified everything and he praised these simplified economics. Marx’s problem was that in feudal society in the past people had been blinded by religion and total absolutism. People did not know how to think for themselves, as everything in life was so money driven and structured.  People had the chance to rise in society now but his problem is in the past (with the feudal structure) craftsmen who worked hard and supported the rest of society. In the feudal society they enjoyed their work and there was value to what they were doing, whereas in modern society, they were not getting paid or honored the way they used to. Capitalist society concentrated on the bourgeoisie as they were forcing people to become wage earners thereby, making the most economic gains for themselves.



As seen in la Belle Époque, wealthy classes were in a protective and restrictive bubble made of strict rules. Within this bubble, their own interests blinded them of their concerns for the lower classes. These interests varied between different countries but were also the same. In every country, every wealthy person in the capitalist society’s main concern was the retaining of their status and wealth, while the varying principle was the way in which each different country decided to display or prove their wealth to others. Each wealthy class displayed their wealth in their intricate dress as well as through mediums such as art connoisseurship and accumulation of real estate. The threat that Marx predicts is that with all of these distractions of the luxurious life of being an upper class member, the repressed proles will unite and rise to become powerful enough to rise against the bourgeoisie. As previously all that the bourgeoisie did was reap the benefits of the hard labor of the proles, the wealthy middle class would not be able to survive without the essential contributions of the proletariat class.



Is capitalism based on this parasitic relationship?
Yes, it is as it is centered around the exploitation of the wage earners in order to make their own lives better. The ideology was to pay the laborers less and less in order to further cater to the needs of the bourgeoisie. The parasitic nature of this relationship can be clearly seen in the fact that one (the bourgeoisie) feeds on the other, making it continually worsen and continually struggle.
When one thinks of parasites and the reason why capitalism is the way it is, one must recognize that if society does not have everything equal, people will always want to compete for more. Unfairly but unfailingly, there will always be this conflict and this fight to be better than others, thereby creating the vicious cycle of capitalism.



Is capitalism causing these effects to occur or is it just the nature of society?
The true fuel behind capitalism was “the hope that you could be on the other end of the parasitic relationship”-Cory. When one thinks about this and applies it to politics, one can look to the majority of presidential candidates (namely Trump) are at the top of the food chain and although each is trying to convince America that they will have a better chance at getting you closer to being the human (or dog (of the parasitic relationship)) than the man standing next to him, each are from the one percent, thereby allowing the cycle to continue. Politics for this reason cannot change because it is the top percentage of individuals that create our government.
The idea that even though there is this shifting one percent is what motivates people in a capitalist society to better themselves and compete with those next to them as well as oppress others in order to better and heighten oneself. This is a noticeable difference between the capitalist society and the feudal society in that the feudal society had the social classes of individuals engrained in their names and in their families, one could not do anything to rise or fall in society, therefore there was nowhere near as must oppression of those below you and the competition that is existent in a capitalist society.
This shifting one percent can be seen in the shift from the era of Carnegies and Rockefellers to the modern time in which Kanye West and Mark Zuckerberg are members of the one percent. This all has to do with conforming and following the trends of society but the class of the most wealthy is always changing, something that can not be said of the feudal wealth.


“The more things change, the more they stay the same.”- Yarnall /World

A large part of the reason behind why capitalism persists is that people have been duped into thinking that they could actually be at the top. This can easily been seen in statistical’ studies where the middle class and people of a variety of class/wealth levels, their overestimation of their wealth in comparison to others in society.

Different Perceptions of Communism
As many of us have remarked in our reading of the Communist Manifesto, the ideas of Marx are not insane or ridiculous as those of communism are portrayed in society. Communism is seen as an evil ideology in the ignorant eyes of many, but this can be largely attributed to the number of men who have drew parts of their own corrupt ideologies from those of Marx, but not being completely of the same nature. When one looks at communism in history one must recognize the fact that the ideas of Marx, all expressed what was wrong with society and a probable ideology that can be used as a solution to the ills of society. Therefore, in society, one cannot say that Marx was truly a crazy man when regarding the communist label put on t eh ideologies of very famous wackos including Stalin, Lennon and china-men. There are many aspects of communism that motivate people to work harder than they might under the pressure of capitalist society. The Chinese government recognizes this attribute to communist logic, but one cannot say that all that the Chinese do are things that Marx himself would support or had proposed. Another example are what Stalin and Lennon did in the Soviet Union, as it was not the same ideology as Marc, but they twisted and fit Marx’s communism to their will.



The Ideologies of Today
One can see the every changing society that we live in under the reign of capitalism starting to lean towards communism in that the modern high school student is more apt to care for those around them than someone that might be in their thirties (maybe because of their memorable experience of 9/11). Many seen socialism as the benefiting of everyone and the caring of others and this is something that people are becoming increasingly characteristic of. The majority of the population it is actually corporate America (the epitome of capitalism) that is the cause of corruption within our nation and the world as a whole. Now-a-days, more of America’s youth are interested in taking care of each other and the concerns of their community as a ground in which they are part of, not as much of the individualistic, me first attitude.
This is all seen in the Snap-chat Generation.



“People can find a problem with everything”- Nicole

Thank you everyone!

Franny <3

Sunday, March 13, 2016

Guess who's back for another blog post!!!
Hey guys! It's time for another round of "Oh god I need to do a blog post and I'm 300% clueless!" Lets jump right in:

Imperialism:

  • Imperialism in this era can be compared to that of the previous era of imperialism
  • "Help! What on earth was the previous era of imperialism?!!?"
    • think Columbus and Cortez--> an age of exploration for profit
    • Technological changes helped enable explorer's abilities to travel farther than they ever had before (although they still didn't manage to find India properly)
    • This era of imperialism came after the Industrial Revolution, another period of technological advances and drastic changes to the previous way of life.
    • The economy was growing and countries found the need to expand outward to create a larger market.
  • All the sudden, in 1880, all of Europe got really excited about Africa
Accurate representation of Europe fighting over African land


  • Before 1880, only about 10% of the continent of Africa was controlled by European nations.
  • After 1880, almost the whole continent was controlled by European powers. It was no longer enough to be involved in African trade markets, to show power one had to completely control the whole area. The more land you had control over, the better.
  • Important thing to know: The Berlin Conference
    • Jules Ferry (from France) and our fave, Bismarck, arranged a conference in Berlin in 1884 to discuss the Africa crisis
    • The conference defended territories held in Africa as long as they were justifiable

Migration:

  • European migrants were often small peasant landowners that were moving for economic reasons. They were usually good for the receiving countries-- they were hard workers that worked for low wages. (Think Jurgis— he left for America to reach the “land of opportunity”)
    • Some Europeans moved inside of Europe, others outside. Some moved
         permanently, others moved temporarily
      • Swallows—> Italians that harvested wheat. They harvested in Italy for one season, moved to Argentina to harvest during the other season, then moved back to Italy.
        • This was not a permanent migration, but was still worth it for those who made a profit doing it
Info on swallows can be more useful than you think
    • German peasants were stuck in the dwarf economy that had small landholdings and had a decline in craft trading industries. Many of them moved to the American Midwest where they could afford the cheaper land.
    • Russian Jews fled under discrimination brought upon by a new tsar
    • Italians migrated due to an influx of American wheat that flooded the market
      • the growing Italian population couldn't keep up and could not provide enough jobs, so many left to go find some elsewhere
Joke of the day: “I know a mushroom. He’s a fun guy” - Nicole
Why is this relevant? Ireland and its potato problem really wasn't fun.

What's Ireland's big problem?
The English, coming in to mess up Ireland with their superior British TV and cool cars
  • The absentee landowners controlled the poor, starving Irish, but didn't make any real progress towards making the Irish less starving and desperate. Before the Corn Laws had jump-started the Great Famine, many people in Ireland were looking for home rule, but were sidetracked by a lack of food.
  • The English controlled Ireland, but didn't help for a long time, and when they did it was too little too late.
Me, realizing I'm finished
That's all I have for today, folks! Coming next class: "Wait, THAT'S due too???"
- Cory

Wednesday, March 9, 2016

The Responsive Nation State


The Responsive Nation State

Much like an elementary school in which one kid brings a Webkinz to school prompting a domino effect of other children realizing the brilliance of this move and following suit, Bismark made popular the idea of the nation-state composed in part of liberal and conservative policies. Playground politics became focused on this new point of interest and two common themes developed within the preteen cliques: mass politics and mass loyalty to the state.

Emerging Mass politics 

With these tools governments found that they could manipulate national feelings to create a sense of unity and to divert attention away from the underlying class conflicts. It is why Marx came to hate nationalism, despite its role in soclialising the government, as he considered it just as much of an opiate of the people as religion.

It is a slippery slope.

Nationalistic sentiments were worsened with the Financial Crash in 1873 as a result of agricultural development in grains outpacing economics. Farmers of most nations could not compete with imported grains and so governments reacted with protectionistic policies, raising tariffs in order to solve thier own ptaxes and public problem of competition. Protectionism promote peace and patriotism within domestic borders, but among nations it only increased hostilities between neighbors.

You have to carry your own. 

"Germany"

Bismark had done the hard work of getting Germans on the same page, but there were still some squables to settle; the most notable of which was his Kulturkamph - "struggle for civilization" - with the Catholic church. After Pope Pius IX's Declaration of Papal Infallibility 1870 that "loyalty to the church should come above loyalty to the nation," Bismark had some serious bone to pick. He understood the value of mass politics in the modern context, and activly attacked the Catholic Church for what he viewed as attempting to undermine the power of the government. Unfortunatly for Bismark, the public was on the side of the Church and Catholics voted the Catholic Center party to Parliament, which blocked passage of laws hostile to Church. Ordinarily Bismark wouldn't care about getting Parliament's approval, but he new when to fold 'em and instead of fighting he formed an uneasy alliance with the church in order that he may better unite Germany rather than isolate Catholics.

Bismark and the Church. Take your pick as to who is who. 

Speaking of groups who Bismark hated because they diverted nationalism: the socailist cause gained a huge number of wins under Bismark's Germany even though Bismark made sure that  the socialist party was sacraficed in the developement. Bismark disliked socialism as it had a philosophy that transcended borders, and so pushed through Parliament laws that outlawed Social Democratic party and strictly controlled socialist meetings and publications. However, to win over the working class majority who supportedd socialistic ideas, he implemented several important policies that greatly increased the government's involement in the well-being of the people, and was the first nation in history to enact such policies which included:

    • 1883 Social security laws for wage earners 
    • 1884 national sickness and accident insurance 
    • 1889 Old-age pensions and retirement benefits 


Socialism could not be stopped.

And then of course, William II came into power and fired Bismark. Oddly enough, he did this because he thought Bismark was not socialist enough. Germany preceeded to go to hell.

William II was not on the ball.

France  

Speaking of Germany encouraging Nationalistm; their 1871 war with France undid all the work France had done to form some unity of the classes, leading to minor civil war. Patriotic republican rebels set up an independent Republic in Paris, known as the Paris Commune. It lasted a couple of monthes before the National Assembly noticed it, and absolutly crushed it.
Paris
Was the president of Parliment through all of this was Thiers and he kept the peace by being firm in his anti-radical approaches showing himself to be a moderate and socially conservative component of the liberal republican government.


Leon Gambetta was an important advocate for establishing parliamentary supremacy in 1877-1879. Because of this parlimentary supremacy most people in office were republicans, which was the firmest foundation of government France had in a while. Moderate Republicans during this time were able to legalize trade unions and aquire a colonial empire for France.
Moderate Republicanism 



Jerry Ferry led series of laws from 1879-1886 for compulsory elementary education for girls and for boys which expanded system of public tax supported schools. Expansion of public education was an important nation building tool for governments in the West during the late 19th century. Free public education lead to the secularization and nationalism of young children, imbuing loyalty. Encouragement of married women to become teachers illustrated a new cultural awareness in the idea that lasting political change must be supported by change in the underlying culture.

Why education is important.

The Dreyfus Affair was the court case in which the Catholic Church lost all influence in France. Alfred Dreyfus was Jewish captain in French army and was falsely accused and convicted of treason. Dreyfus was declared innocent, but because of religious involvement in his accuseation, the affair revived republican sentiment against the church. From1901-1905 - Government severs all ties with the Catholic church after having been close. Catholicism looses all power in public affairs and socialism is left as the only opposing force to republican nationalism in France.
The Church thought they were safe, they were wrong. 

Sunday, March 6, 2016

Dear Readers,

Me when I realized half-way through class that it's my turn to do the blog.

The Franco-Prussian War
Why did Bismarck go to war with France? Bismarck realized that a patriotic war with France would drive the southern German states into his arms, completing the unification of Germany. As soon as war with France began in 1870, Bismarck had the wholehearted support of the southern German states, just as he suspected. Bismarck's political genius, the invincible Prussian army, & the solidarity of the king & his people in a unified nation were all themes present after the war.
What is the Ems Dispatch? The Ems Dispatch, similar to the Zimmerman Telegram of the 20th century, incited France to declare war. The actual dispatch was an internal message from the Prussian King (William I) to Bismarck, reporting demands made by the French ambassador. Bismarck released an altered statement to the press, making it seem as though France was insulting the Prussians.

The premise of the Ems Dispatch.

Russia
(Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander II, Alexander III, Nicholas II)

Me & Emilia pretending we knew who these rulers are in class.

Who is Nicholas I? Nicholas I was similar to Metternich in that he attempted to bring all of Russia under one way of life, completely united in all aspects of society -- the Russification of the Empire.
Why is Alexander II not a typical tsar? In the Crimean War, fought over religious unrest & Russia's perpetual need for a warm-water port, Alexander II was humiliated in his defeat. This military defeat, at the hands of Great Britain & France, marked a turning point in Russian history because it demonstrated that Russia had fallen behind the rapidly industrializing nations of western Europe in many areas. Alexander II, the "Liberator," was a tsar reformer.
What were Alexander II's reforms? Alex II abolished serfdom & instituted the zemstvo, or local government elected by a three-class system of towns, peasant villages, & noble landowners.

Serfs under Alexander II. (This is actually the dramatic freedom scene from Shawshank Redemption - watch it Mildred!!!)

Can we equate Alexander II to Abraham Lincoln? *Cue Southern accent* Alex II & Abe Lincoln both abolished slavery & were both assassinated afterwards - woah. The small terrorist group, the "People's Will," killed Alexander II because they were upset that he did not do enough for the serfs that he freed. These people wanted more reform, not less.

"Do we really just copy the Russians with everything?" -Mr. Yarnall. OOOOOH!

Who is Alexander III? Alexander II's era of reform came to an abrupt end after his assassination. Alexander III, the next tsar, was a determined reactionary. He began his rule vengeful, distraught over his father's unlawful death. This influenced his reign -- "Why should I be nice to these people if they were not nice to me?!" This is similar to France's Louis XIV & the freaks in the bedroom (the Fronde) that influenced the way he ruled.
Who is Nicholas II? Nicholas II came into power as an old-school absolutist. He was certainly not the right guy for this time (on the verge of the 20th century).
What did Nicholas II do? The Revolution of 1905 occurred under Nicholas II, Russia was displeased with reform efforts. Nicky II passed the October Manifesto, granting full civil rights & promising a popularly-elected Duma (parliament, representative assembly) with real legislative power. Nicholas II did not follow his own bill, however, & dismissed the Duma when they opposed him. Oh, Russia.

Now Russia has this guy!

That is all for today! Thank you, my friends. *Read in Dong accent*

Homework
  • Read through "The Responsive Nation State"
  • Study Book One of Marx's Communist Manifesto
  • Post in discussions

xoxo,
Flo :)

Me after I finished this post.

Thursday, March 3, 2016

Bis-MARCK Your Calendars: IT'S PRUSSIA TIME!

Uh oh, AP Euro. It looks like instead of being in the pages, we're about to have a book thrown at us.
When you realize that your friendship with Yarn is just as tumultuous as Troy and Gabriella's relationship in HSM2.
So here is the question that will ever haunt me... IS BISMARCK A CONSERVATIVE?
Bismarck was the ultimate "the ends justifies the means" type of leader since he was willing to do whatever it took to reach his ultimate goals, as expressed in the following quote:

"The great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority decisions but by iron and blood."
Visual representation of how I answered this question in class.
Now, after today's class, I understand how there was a slight misinterpretation regarding Bismarck's political policies, however, I further researched Bismarck's political tendencies and my conclusion remains the same: he leaned toward conservatism, even though many policies he enacted, such as universal male suffrage, were based on liberalism in order to strengthen his grip on Germany (click here for more information on this topic). It seems that unlike Metternich, Bismarck was open to figuring out different avenues to take in order to reach his end goal.
When Mr. Yarnall proved I was wrong in thinking Bismarck was a conservative...
Bismarck was kind of a political ladies' man, he said what he needed to to get the parties and people in bed with him (so to speak). While Bismarck didn't allow for any one country to become larger than Prussia, he did allow for some concessions. Bismarck allowed the Germans to label themselves as such in order to get their subordination (you keep your name and national identity, so you won't feel as oppressed by Prussia). 

"Germany is the little brother to big brother Prussia." - Mr. Yarnall
Except in this scenario, Charlie (aka Germany) is getting bitten by his big bro Prussia.
What is the first step to German unification? ECONOMICS. Friedrich List, the father of the European unity theory, supported the Zollverein, which "stimulated trade and increased the revenues of member states." It was the first step of the European union and allowed for free-trade. Of course, economic nationalism was good for the Germanic lands.

How did Bismarck unite Germany? WAR.
According to Bismarck, Edwin Starr's song is a lie, because for him war was super helpful in spreading his political ideas and insuring nationalism in his state.
  • Austro-Prussian War Against Denmark (1864-1866): The Danish king favored the Shleswig-Holstein lands in order to make a more centralized Danish state. (This is a major reason why the Frankfurt Assembly gets al messed up.) Germans lived in the provinces in Denmark, but they did not want to become Danish - according to Bismarck. In a Hitler-esque move, Bismarck "liberates" the Schleswig-Holstein lands from the Danish people, but in actuality he is just insuring that his people remain loyal to the father country, Prussia. Austria and Prussia tag-team the Danes, until Austria becomes useless to Bismarck...
  • Austro-Prussian War of 1866: Bismarck no longer needs to keep ties with Austria. He is pragmatic and a major reason why he doesn't like the Austrians is because they are Catholic. It is important to remember than during these wars, Bismarck is saying that he is "fighting for the German-states." This is a fallacy; he is fighting for Prussia. The number of wars Bismarck engages in relates back to the famous "blood and iron" quote. Germany was united through bloodshed on the battle fields and the industrialization of Prussia/Germany.
Bismarck to Catholic Austria
Speaking of the Industrial Revolution, Prussia was thoroughly united by the construction of the massive railroad system. This aided Prussian victory over Austria.

As the M.V.P. of manipulation, Bismarck was scary good at backstabbing. He was a leader that had no regard for the people around him. Bismarck could have cared less about Parliament and he did the absolute minimal to appease Parliamentary orders. His relationship with Parliament was uneven, to say the least.
Parliament to Bismarck...ouch
Bismarck instituted universal male suffrage in order to get the people on his side. He thought that the people would naturally side with him, so that he could undermine the power of the upper house of Parliament. Although Bismarck does not support Parliament, he does do what it takes to get the things he wants done, done. Bismarck is kind of like Mr. Yarnall actually. He won't reign things in in order to protect Parliament (and his students from all-nighters hehe - you all laughed).
This will be me trying to get into my car tomorrow morning...
Bismarck is like: "The kaiser put me in charge, not you, I'll do what I want, when I want." I mean go him honestly. I wish I had that much confidence in myself.
He had more confidence than Honey-Boo-Boo.
Caroline's Words-of-the-Day:
Bundestag (noun) - the Lower House of Parliament
Bundesrat (noun) - the Upper House of Parliament

Just don't get too comfortable kids, because you never know when Mr. Yarnall's shoe is going to drop. You know you love me. XOXO, Gossip Girl
Struts fearlessly off the blog...


Tuesday, March 1, 2016

Did you hear about the Italian chef who died? He pasta way.

Don't worry, I hate myself for that title too, but I had to.
  • Napoleon I vs. Napoleon III
    • Industrial Revolution in between these two rulers made a difference in the presence of the urban workers, divisions within the Third Estate, and the manners in which each man ruled
    • Napoleon III used the growing economy from the Industrial Revolution to expand his power
      • wasn’t conservative enough for the conservatives or liberal enough for the liberals
      • fell apart because of external forces that were beyond his control


  • Italy had not been united prior to 1850
    • different forms of government/leadership in each area after 1815 
    • regarded as a “geographical expression
  • 3 basic approaches to the unification of Italy
    • Giuseppe Mazziniradical, idealistic, centralized democratic republic
      • based on universal suffrage and the will of the people (like the failed Chartist movement and French utopian socialists)
      • seemed too radical to the Italian middle classes
      • voice without an audience
    • Vincenzo Gioberti – called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope
      • the papacy opposed national unification, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty
    • people looked toward the autocratic kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont for leadership
      • Sardinia’s monarch, Victor Emmanuel, retained the liberal constitution, which provided for a fair degree of civil liberties and real parliamentary government
      • to the Italian middle classes, Sardinia appeared to be a liberal progressive state ideally suited to achieve the goal of national unification
when Italians realized they might finally be able to unify


  • Cavour was the dominant figure in the Sardinian government (1850-1861)
    • came from a noble family but still embraced the economic doctrines and business activities associated with the middle class
    • his national goals were limited and realistic
      • sought unity only for the states of northern and perhaps central Italy in an expanded kingdom of Sardinia
    • worked to consolidate Sardinia as a liberal constitutional state capable of leading northern Italy
      • introduced a program of highways and railroads, of civil liberties and opposition to clerical privilege --> increasing support for Sardinia throughout northern Italy
  • Sardinia couldn’t drive Austria out of Lombardy and Venetia and unify northern Italy under Victor Emmanuel without the help of an ally --> Cavour worked for a secret diplomatic alliance with Napoleon III --> succeeded and provoked Austria into attacking Sardinia 
    • Napoleon III came to Sardinia’s defense --> after the victory of the combined Franco-Sardinian forces, Napoleon III did a complete turn around and abandoned Cavour
      • decided it was not in his interest to have too strong a state on his southern border and was criticized by French Catholics for supporting the pope’s enemy
boundaries? yeah those were a problem when Italy was trying to unite
  • Cavour’s plans were salvaged by popular revolts and Italian nationalism 
    • middle-class nationalist leaders in central Italy called for fusion with Sardinia --> other Great Powers opposed this but the nationalists held firm --> Cavour returned to power when the people of central Italy voted to join Sardinia
  • for patriots such as Garibaldi, the job of unification was only half done
    • Garibaldi personified the romantic, revolutionary nationalism and republicanism of Mazzini
    • Cavour secretly supported Garibaldi’s bold plan to “liberate” the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (to use him and to get rid of him)
    • in May 1860, Garibaldi’s band of thousand “Red Shirts” outwitted the royal army of Austria, but when they prepared to attack Rome, Cavour sent Sardinian forces to intercept Garibaldi and occupy most of the Papal States
      • Cavour realized that an attack on Rome would bring about war with France and he feared Garibaldi’s radicalism --> organized a plebiscite in the conquered territories --> Garibaldi did not oppose Cavour and the people of the south voted to join Sardinia
    • Cavour used Garibaldi to get more support from different places
  • when Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel rode through Naples, they sealed the union of the north and south, of the monarch and the nation-state
    • Cavour had succeeded in turning popular nationalism in a conservative direction
    • parliamentary monarchy under Victor Emmanuel with the liberal Sardinian constitution of 1848
      • neither radical nor democratic
      • despite political unity, only a small minority of males could vote
      • propertied classes and common people were divided
      • progressive, industrial north vs. agrarian south
  • unifications of Italy and Germany were considered "revolutions from above"
    • according to the dictionary, a revolution from above refers to major political and social changes imposed by an elite on the population it dominates
yayayay finally united
and in case you're having a rough night, enjoy this -