CHAPTER 18: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 

1.) How was the scientific revolution the origin of both the modern world and modern mentality? 

• So previously, religion and science needed to be connected - or relate to one another as science was a branch of theology
• Aristotelian view suggested a motionless earth that was fixed at the center of the universe 
• BUT NOW  
• Copernicus --> He said the sun, rather than the Earth, was at the center of the universe (Heliocentric System - not Geocentric)
• He theorized that the stars and planets - including Earth - revolved around FIXED SUN

2.) SO HOW/WHY DID RELIGIONS RESPOND?!?!? 

• A.) Protestants:
• Martin Luther WAS MAD! He said "as the Holy Scripture tells us, so did Joshua bid the sun stand still and NOT the Earth." 
• Protestants interpreted their sacred texts LITERALLY so they believed in a Geocentric universe 
• B.) Likewise, John Calvin and his followers condemned Copernicus for his radical hypothesis
• C.) Catholics:
• response was mild at first - they had never fully interpreted the Bible literally - but they still declared his theory false in 1616
•  
• POOR COPERNICUS (BUT HE DID GET SOME FRIENDS TO BACK HIM UP!)  

3.) SO WHO HELPED OUT COPERNICUS TO PROVE HIS HYPOTHESIS?!? 

• Brahe:
• He observed stars and planets w/ the naked eye 
• His greatest contribution = DATA - but he had a limited understanding of MATH 
• he supported Copernicus somewhat in that he stated all the planets revolved around the sun and that the entire group of sun and planets revolved around the earth-moon system 
• Kepler:
• Brahe's assistant 
• brilliant mathematician ==> formulated 3 laws of Planetary Motion 
• He demonstrate that 
• 1.) the orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular 
• 2.) planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits 
• 3.) the time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from SUN 
• HIS Contributions were monumental 
• Kepler PROVED THE RELATIONS OF A SUN CENTERED UNIVERSE YAY

(<-- Copernicus)

• Galileo Galilei:
• On a another note --> this MAN Challenged the ideas of MOTION!
• He used the Experimental Method to prove his hypotheses
• He conducted controlled experiments to find out what actually happens rather than speculating
• He formulated the LAW OF INERTIA:
• rest was not the natural state of objects
• and as Lily explained in class --> the objects are forever in motion until they are stopped by an external force
• In addition to motion - he was fascinated by astronomy --> used telescope to discover the first 4 MOONS OF JUPITER 
• unfortunately - Galileo was forced to renounce his scientific beliefs before ecclesiastical judges 

SO BOTTOM LINE: As new scientists/astronomers/ mathematicians made breakthroughs in the laws of the universe --> Critical, modern, scientific method BEGAN TO EMERGE.