• 2/6 Class
• Russia
• Nicholas I 
•   Contemporary was metternich
•   Both dealt with subject nationalities
•   No one wanted to give up their culture
• Metternich (very conservative) was the main guy before 1848
•   After 1848 more people become important
•   He is a contemporary of Nicholas I
• Both dealt with subject nationalities
• 
• Alexander II
• Contemporary
• Was assassinated by the People’s Will 
•   Not peasant revolutionaries but the upper class who didn’t like the Tzar
•   Mad because he emancipated the serfs
•   Criticized because he went too far 
•   Liberal radical group
•      Industrialized Russia by building railroads
•      October Manifesto granted full civil right
•      Duma
•      Tsar takes back this power in the Fundamental Laws
• Alexander III
• When Alexander II was assassinated, things stopped
•   Liberalism stopped → no more reforms
•   Modernization and industrialization continued 
•   Social reforms were replaced with economic reforms 
• Nicholas II
• More like Alexander III → against liberal reform
•   Promised to make these reforms but then goes back on it 
•   If he had kept his promise, he would have been like Alexander II (ceding absolute power) 
• Vladimir Lenin
• Start of the Soviet Union
•   He placed Marxist ideas
• Germany
•   Bismarck’s biggest problems
•   The Catholic Church
•    Kulturkampf
• The pope took power from Bismarck
• Think catholic not German
• Attacked the church because he wanted to make sure the pope wouldn’t take his power
• Bismarck sides with the catholics 
• German socialist democratic party Socialists
• Bismarck created social welfare programs to gain popular support
• Pg 773-
• The common themes within that framework were the emergence of mass politics and growing popular loyalty towards the nation
• Mass politics- political parties, the people’s support wasn’t needed before 
• Previously there were no elections so the people’s support wasn’t needed